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Anthropology
Anthropology refers to the study of human beings and their cultures. This study cuts across the natural sciences, humanities as well as the social sciences. The main focus of the study is to investigate the origin of man (Willigen, 1993). It deals with the origins of homo sapiens, homo sapiens characteristics, behavior, how evolutionary past of homo sapiens affects its social organization as well as culture and the reason for differences among different groups of people. Anthropology basically has four subfields: archaeology, cultural/ social anthropology, linguistic anthropology and physical/ biological anthropology (Strauss, 1963).
Archaeology is a subfield that is concerned with the study of the material remains of various artifacts such as buildings, tools, and pottery of different communities. This study aims at establishing the cultures as well as the cultural evolution of these societies (Willigen, 1993). The professionals involved in this study are referred to as anthropological archaeologists. They mostly focus on the prehistoric cultures since they have not been documented as well as early animal domestication and metal use (Willigen, 1993). Anthropological archaeologists mainly attempt to establish several things from the artifacts they collect. They attempt to establish the social dispensation of the culture, the relationship of this culture with others in the area, the nature of the physical environment of that particular area as well as the animal and plant resources of the area, if the culture under study engaged in domestication of animals and plants, the people’s religion, population size, health, and technology , causes for cultural collapse and finally the reasons for cultural evolution/change(Willigen, 1993) .
Biological/ physical evolution on the other hand is concerned with the biological aspect of people. It further attempts to establish how the biological nature of human beings relates to their cultural practices, evolution as well as their environment (Willigen, 1993). This subfield is further divided into three main branches which are: paleoanthropology, primatology, and the study of modern variation as well as adaptation of human beings (Strauss, 1963). Paleoanthropology is basically concerned with the study of human fossils as well as their close relatives while primatology focuses on the study of primates such as humans, apes, monkeys and prosimians (Willigen, 1993).
References
Strauss, C. (1963). Structural Anthropology. London: Oxford University Press
Willigen, J. (1993) Applied Anthropology. London: Oxford University Press